Towards the Formation of Genuine European Parties? Examining and Comparing the Cases of DiEM25 and Volt Europa

Abstract

Aichholzer G. and Rose G. (2020), “Experience with Digital Tools in Different Types of e-Participation”, in L. Hennen, et al. (eds) European E-Democracy in Practice, Cham: Springer, pp. 93-140.

Alemanno, A. (2018), “Towards Transnational European Democracy? The New Battles Lines of the 2019 European Parliament Election”, Carnegie Europe, Reshaping European Democracy Series, HEC Paris Research Paper No. LAW-2018-1287, available at https://ssrn.com/abstract=3205041

Bardi, L. (1994), “Transnational Party Federations, European Parliamentary Party Groups and the Building of Euro-parties”, in Kats, R.S. and Mair, P. (eds) How Parties Organize: Change and Adaption in Party Organizations in Western Democracies, London: Sage, pp. 357-72.

Bartolini, S. (2005), Restructuring Europe: Centre Formation, System Building, and Political Structuring between the Nation State and the European Union, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Bellamy R. and Castiglione D. (2013), “Three models of democracy, political community and representation

in the EU”, Journal of European Public Policy, 20(2): 206-223.

Boeselager D. (2019) “Volt: Parliamentarians need to be directly electable”, Interviewed by Schulz, Euractiv, available at https://www.euractiv.com/section/eu-elections-2019/interview/volt-parlamentarians-need-to-be-directly-electable/

Braun D. (2021) “The Europeannes of the 2019 European Parliament Elections and the Mobilising Power of European Issues”, Politics, 41(4): 451-466.

Braun D. and Popa S. A. (2018) “This Time it was Different? The Salience of the Spitzenkandidaten System among European Parties”, West European Politics, 41(5): 1125-1145.

Braun D., Hutter S. and Kerscher A. (2016) “What Type of Europe? The Salience of Polity and Policy Issues in European Parliament Elections”, European Union Politics, 17 (4): 570-92.

Bonfert, B. (2022) “ ‘We need to organise millions of people’ – how Alter Summit and DiEM25 struggle to create a European ‘modern prince”, Globalizations, 19(1): 102-117.

Cahen-Salvador C. (2018), “Colombe’s 1st anniversary blog. A personal history of Volt”, available at: https://brunosan.github.io/volt-site-backup/www.voltbelgie.org/1st_anniversary_colombe.html

Calossi, E. and Cicchi, L. (2019), “European Parliament Political Groups and European Political Parties: Development and Relationship Between Two Faces of the EU Political System”, Quaderni del circolo rosselli, 39(2): 15-31.

Dahl R. (1971) Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition, New Haven: Yale University Press.

Dawson, M. (2019) “The lost Spitzenkandidaten and the future of European democracy”, Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law, 26(6): 731-735.

De Cleen B. (2017) “Populism and Nationalism”, in C. Rovira Kaltwasser et al. (eds) Oxford Handbook of Populism, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 342-362.

De Cleen B., Moffitt B., Panayotu P. and Stavrakakis, Y. (2019), “The Potentials and Difficulties of

Transnational Populism: The Case of the Democracy in Europe Movement 2025 (DiEM25)”, Political Studies, 68(1): 146-166.

Della Porta, D., Fernández, J., Kouki, H., and Mosca, L. (2017), Movement Parties Against Austerity,

Cambridge: Polity Press.

DiEM25 (2016), A Manifesto for Democratising Europe (Long Version), available at: www.diem25.org

DiEM25 (2017a), European New Deal: A Summary, available at: https://diem25.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/170209_DiEM25_END_Summary_EN.pdf

DiEM25 (2017b), DiEM25 Organizing Principles, available at: https://diem25.org/organising-principles-2/

DiEM25 (2018) European Constituent Assembly: A Framework to Outline the Process Toward a Democratic Europe, available at: https://diem25.org/wpcontent/uploads/2018/04/DiEM25_Constituent_Assembly_draft.pdf

DiEM25 Italia (2018), European Parliament Elections: launching the European Spring transnational list, available at: https://diem25.org/european-parliament-elections-launching-the-european-spring-transnational-list/

Drounau L. (2018), Speech at Volt Europa General Assembly in Amsterdam, available at:

https://www.facebook.com/VoltEuropa/videos/340437500095908/

Ehin P, and Talving L, (2021) “Still Second-Order? European Elections in the Era of Populism, Extremism, and Euroscepticism”, Politics, 41(4): 467-485.

Eriksen, E.O. (2005), “An Emerging European Public Sphere”, European Journal of Social Theory, 8(3): 341-363.

EUR-Lex (n.d.) “Democratic Deficit”, Glossary of summaries, available at: https://eurlex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/democratic_deficit.html

Fact Sheets on the European Union (2020), available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/ftu/pdf/en/FTU_1.3.4.pdf

Fanoulis E., and Guerra S. (2020), “Veridiction and leadership in transnational populism: The case of

DiEM25”, Politics and Governance, 8(1): 217-225.

Ferri D. (2015), “Participation in EU Governance: A ‘Multi-Level’ Perspective and a ‘Multifold’

Approach”, in C. Fraenkel-Haeberle et al (eds.), Citizen Participation in Multi-Level Democracies,

Leiden: Brill, pp. 334-367.

Follesdal A. and Hix S. (2006), “Why There is a Democratic Deficit in the EU”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 44(3): 533-662.

Gaffney J. (1996), “Introduction: political parties and the European Union”, in J. Gaffney (ed), Political parties and the European Union, London and New York: Routledge, pp. 1-30.

Giannakou M. (2011), Report on the application of Regulation (EC) No 2004/2003 on the regulations governing political parties at European level and the rules regarding their funding.

Green, J. (2007), “When Voters and Parties Agree: Valence Issues and Party Competition”, Political Studies, 55(3): 629-655.

Hanley D. (2008), Beyond the Nation State. Parties in the Era of European Integration, Hampshire and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Heidar K. (2003), “Parties and cleavages in the European political space”, Arena Working Papers, WP 03/7.

Hertner (2018), “United in diversity? Europarties and their individual members’ rights”, Journal of European Integration, 41(4): 487-505.

Hix S., Noury A., Roland G. (2007), Democratic Politics in the European Parliament, Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press.

Hobolt S. (2014), “A vote for President? The role of Spitzenkandidaten in the 2014 European Parliament elections”, Journal of European Public Policy, 21(10): 1528-1540.

Hutter S. and Kriesi H. (2019), “Politicizing Europe in times of crisis”, Journal of European Public Policy, 26(7): 996-1017.

Innerarity D. (2014), “Does Europe Need a Demos to Be Truly Democratic?” LSE Europe in Question Series (LEQS), No. 77.

Katsambekis, G. (2019). “The Populist Radical Left in Greece,” in G. Katsambekis, and A. Kioupkiolis (eds) The Populist Radical Left in Europe, Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 21-46.

Katz, R.S. and Mair, P. (1994), “The Evolution of Party Organizations in Europe: The Three Faces of Party Organization”, American Review of Politics, 14: 593-617.

Kaufmann B. (2012), “Transnational ‘Babystep’: The European Citizens’ Initiative,” in M. Setälä and T. Schiller (eds) Citizens’ Initiatives in Europe, Procedures and Consequences of Agenda-Setting by Citizens, London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 228-242.

Ladrech, R. (2015), “Europeanization of National Politics: The Centrality of Political Parties”, in Magone, J.M. (ed) Routledge Handbook of European Politics, London/New York: Routledge, pp. 574-89.

Ladrech, R. (2006), “The European Union and Political Parties,” in Kratz, R.S. and Crotty, W. (eds),

Handbook of Party Politics, London: Sage, pp. 492-8.

Ladrech, R. (2000) Social Democracy and the Challenge of European Union, London: Boulder.

Laffin M., Shaw E. and Taylor G. (2007), “The New Sub-National Politics of the British Labour Party”, Party Politics, 13(1): 88-108.

Lefkofridi Z. (2020) “Competition in the European Arena: How the Rules of the Game Help Nationalists Gain”, Politics and Governance 8(1): 41-49.

Lefkofridi Z. and Katsanidou A. (2014) “Multilevel representation in the European Parliament”, European Union Politics, 15(1): 108-131.

Lefkofridi Z. and Katsanidou A. (2018), “A Step Closer to a Transnational Party System? Competition and Coherence in the 2009 and 2014 European Parliament”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 56(6): 1462- 1482.

Marquand D. (1978), “Towards a Europe of the Parties”, The Political Quarterly, 49(4): 425-445.

McNamara, K. R., and Musgrave, P. (2020), “Democracy and Collective Identity in the EU and the USA”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 58(1): 172-188.

Mair P. (2013), Ruling the Void. The Hollowing of Western Democracy, London: Verso.

Majone, G. (2005), Dilemmas of European Integration, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Mouffe C. (2005), On the Political, Abingdon and New York: Routledge.

Mouffe C. (2018), For a Left Populism, London: Verso.

Mudde C. (2019), The Far Right Today, Cambridge: Polity Press.

Panayotu P. (2017), “Towards a Transnational Populism: A Chance for European Democracy – The Case of DiEM25”, POPULISMUS Working Papers, No. 5. Thessaloniki: POPULISMUS, available at http://www.populismus.gr/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/panayotu-final-upload.pdf

Pérez F.S. (2013), Political Communication in Europe. The Cultural and Structural Limits of the European Public Sphere, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Pietrandrea P. (2018), The First Transnational European List – A DiEM25 Initiative, Open Democracy, available at: https://www.opendemocracy.net/can-europe-make-it/paola-pietrandrea/first-transnational-european-list-diem25-initiative

Reif K. and Schmitt H. (1980), “Nine Second-Order National Elections: A Conceptual Framework for the Analysis of European Election Results”, European Journal of Political Research, 8(1): 3-45.

Salm C. (2019), “The ECSC Common Assembly's decision to create political groups. Writing a new chapter in transnational parliamentary history”, European Parliamentary Research Service, PE 637.959, available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document.html?reference=EPRS_BRI(2019)637959

Sasmatzoglou K. (2013), “2014 European elections: European political parties, presidential candidates and the pan-EU campaign”, European View, 12(1): 67-74.

Schmitter P. C. (2000), How to Democratize the European Union … and Why Bother? Lanham, MD:

Rowman & Littlefield.

Schütze, R. (ed.) (2018), Globalisation and Governance International Problems, European Solutions,

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Scully R., Hix S. and Farrel D. (2012), “National or European Parliamentarians? Evidence from a New Survey of the Members of the European Parliament”, Journal of Common Market Studies, 50(4): 670-683.

Stavrakakis Y. (2007), The Lacanian Left, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Varoufakis Y. (2016), Speech at the DiEM’s Launch Event at Berlin’s Volksbühne Theatre,

available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GkWwUG0p89Y

Varoufakis Y. (2017a), Yanis Varoufakis answering questions on DiEM25’s next step,

available at: https://www.facebook.com/diem25.official.page/videos/1940199779634998/

Varoufakis Y. (2017b), European New Deal, Varoufakis’ Speech Rome, 25 March.

Varoufakis Y. (2018), Varoufakis’ address regarding the name of DiEM’s common transnational list,

available at: https://www.facebook.com/diem25.official.page/videos/2053458111642497/

Varoufakis Y. (2019a), Speech at A Citizen Takeover of the EU Institutions, available at:

https://youtu.be/o4Y51__i3Nk

Varoufakis Y. (2019b), Speech at Green New Deal event, available at: https://youtu.be/QGd9iGVh0J4

Venzon A. (2018a), Volt 1st Anniversary, post available at:

https://medium.com/@andrea.venzon_37286/volts-1st-anniversary-32c3dbb50c6f

Venzon A. (2018b), “We want to bring real changes to all European citizens”, interviewed by VoxEurop,

available at: https://voxeurop.eu/en/we-want-to-bring-real-change-to-all-european-citizens

Venzon A. (2018c) Volt’s European Dream, interviewed by Hartog K, available at:

https://europeanstorytellers.eu/volts-european-dream/

Venzon A. (2019a), Post on Facebook, Available at:

https://www.facebook.com/VenzonAndrea/photos/a.190817034871495/358900304729833

Venzon A. (2019b), Weekly Live Q&A, available at:

https://www.facebook.com/VoltEuropa/videos/317840105528539

Voerman, G. (2009), “From Federation to Party? The Formation of Political Parties in the European Union”, in Chrysos, E. (Ed.), 50 Years European Parliament: Experience and Perspectives, Athens: Hellenic Parliament Foundation, pp. 203-228.

Volt (2017a), Statute of Volt Europa A.S.B.L., available at: https://assets.volteuropa.org/inline- images/xSBAK3vNlGNbYpGOSwYb6RUWvAbZxhHAzfC2W2a00Qp2vjuN1a.pdf

Volt (2017b), Organisation, available at https://www.volteuropa.org/people

Volt (2018a), Paris Retreat part a, available at:

https://www.facebook.com/VoltEuropa/videos/1977764122541119

Volt (2018b), Paris Retreat part b, available at:

https://www.facebook.com/VoltEuropa/videos/1978065105844354/

Volt (2019a), A Vision for Europe, available at: https://www.volteuropa.org/vision

Volt (2019b), Volt Programme supporting to Amsterdam Declaration, available at: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/themes/5c50370245de94bf18597704/attachments/original/1556291429/volt%20programme%20supporting%20document%20april%202019.pdf?1556291429

Volt (2019c), Amsterdam Declaration, available at: https://assets.nationbuilder.com/volt/pages/6564/attachments/original/1540629281/Amsterdam_Declaration.pdf?1540629281

Volt (2019d), Mapping of Policies (sixth version), available at: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/themes/5a66b8b95ee54dd3f8000000/attachments/original/1548073769/Mapping_of_Policies_.pdf.pdf?1548073769

Weiler J.H.H. (1995), “Does Europe Need a Constitution? Demos, Telos and the German Maastricht Decision”, European LQW Journal, I(3): 219-258.