Pro-Refugee Activism in Greece: The imaginary grounds of a real dynamic


Abstract


This paper seeks to explore selective activism in order to seize the reasons lying beneath activist commitment to a cause instead of another requiring defense, concomitant and similar to the one ultimately chosen. The attempt to understand how activists' decision-making process and subsequent activity are structured is grounded on a field research conducted among pro-refugee activists in Athens from 2015 to 2017. The findings of the research show that the emergence and expansion from 2015 onwards of many different pro-refugee activist initiatives are largely influenced by imaginary constructs that are related to three superimposed but distinct levels of imaginary identification games. This case study reveals that prorefugee activism is certainly fuelled by political facts, but at the same time it is detached both from reality and politics, since it reflects the way in which they are combined with imaginary universes predominant in activist circles, which have little or no political relevance.

DOI Code: 10.1285/i20356609v13i1p607

Keywords: activism; Greece; imaginary; refugee crisis; squats

References


Al Jazeera (2015), “Greek Anarchists Cook in Solidarity for Refugees”, December 29.

Amnesty International (2016), Greece: “Our hope is broken”. European paralysis leaves thousands of refugees stranded in Greece.

Amnesty International (2017), A Blueprint for despair.

Anderson B. (1983), Imagined Communities, London: Verso.

BBC News (2015), “How bad are things for the people of Greece?”, July 16. Retrieved April 11, 2018 (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-33507802).

Cappiali T.M. (2016), “Activism of immigrants in vulnerable conditions and radical-left al-lies: a case study of Italy’s Struggle of the Crane”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 42(15): 2508-2527, doi.org/10.1080/1369183X.2016.1169917.

------ (2017), “‘Whoever decides for you without you, s/he is against you!’: immigrant ac-tivism and the role of the Left in political racialization”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 40(6): 969-987, doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2016.1229487.

Caravane solidaire (2016), “Squats d’Athènes pour migrants: la Grèce résiste”, Mediapart, 30 October. Retrieved January 12, 2018 (https://blogs.mediapart.fr/caravane-solidaire-2016/blog/241016/squats-dathenes-pour-migrants-la-grece-resiste).

Castoriadis C. (1975), L’institution imaginaire de la société, Paris: Seuil.

CNN Greece (2018), “Erevna Panepistimiou: Afto einai to profil tou simerinou Ellina astegou”, July 12. Retrieved September 14, 2018 (https://www.cnn.gr/news/ellada/story/138360/ereyna-panepistimioy-ayto-einai-to-profil-toy-simerinoy-ellina-astegoy).

De Cock C., A. Rehn, and D. Berry (2013), “For a Critical Creativity: The Radical Imagina-tion of Cornelius Castoriadis”, in J. Chan, K. Thomas (eds.), Handbook of Research on Creativity, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 150-161.

Della Porta D. (2018), “Contentious moves: Mobilising for refugees’ rights”, in D. Della Porta (ed.), Solidarity Mobilizations in the ‘Refugee Crisis’. Contentious Moves, Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 1-38.

Deutsche Welle (2019), “Council of Europe slams Greece over refugee camp conditions”, February 19. Retrieved March 1, 2019 (https://www.dw.com/en/council-of-europe-slams-greece-over-refugee-camp-conditions/a-47576477).

Doreian P., T. Fararo (eds. 2016), The Problem of Solidarity: Theories and Models, Lon-don: Routledge.

Duncan L. (2002), “Motivation for Collective Action: Group Consciousness as Mediator for Personality, Life Experiences, and Women’s Rights Activism”, Political Psychology, 20(3): 611-635.

Efimerida ton Sintakton (I) (2017), “Astegos enas stous 70 Athineous”, March 22. Re-trieved June 20, 2018 (https://www.efsyn.gr/oikonomia/diethnis-oikonomia/104225_astegos-enas-stoys-70-athinaioys).

Evangelinidis A. (2016), “The Greek State’s Response to the Refugee Crisis and the Soli-darity Movement”, Contemporary Southeastern Europe, 3(1): 32-36.

Fielding K., R. McDonald and W. Louis (2008), “Theory of planned behavior, identity and intentions to engage in environmental activism”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 28(4): 318-326, doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2008.03.003.

Fillieule O. (ed. 2005), Le désengagement militant, Paris: Belin.

France 24 (2016), “Les Grecs face aux migrants. ‘Philoxenia’, la solidarité grecque”, April 14.

Fronista P., Papadopoulou S. (2019), “Down and Out and Wet and Bedraggled”, in Dell’Orto G., Wetzstein I. (eds.), Refugee News, Refugee Politics, New York: Routledge, pp. 127-140.

Gaxie D. (1977), “Économie des partis et rétributions du militantisme”, Revue française de science politique, 27(1): 123-154.

Giust-Desprairies F., C. Faure (2015), Figures de l’imaginaire contemporain, Paris: Archives contemporaines.

Goodwin J., J.M. Jasper, and F. Polletta (2000), “The Return of The Repressed: The Fall and Rise of Emotions in Social Movement Theory”, Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 5(1): 65-83.

Goodwin J., J.M. Jasper, and F. Polletta (eds. 2001), Passionate Politics: Emotions and So-cial Movements, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Gould D.B. (2009), Moving Politics: Emotion and ACT UP’s Fight against AIDS, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

Greek Reporter (2013), “Athens Protest Over Murder of Pakistani Worker”, January 19. Retrieved April 11, 2018 (https://greece.greekreporter.com/2013/01/19/athens-protest-over-murder-of-pakistani-worker).

Guardian (The) (2013), “Greek Golden Dawn member arrested over

murder of leftwing hip-hop artist”, September 18. Retrieved March 11, 2018 (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/18/greece-murder-golden-dawn).

Guardian (The) (2017a), “Squatters turn oligarch’s empty London property into homeless shelter”, January 27. Retrieved March 11, 2018 (https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jan/27/squatters-open-oligarchs-empty-london-property-as-homeless-shelter).

Guardian (The) (2017b), « Where did the money go? How Greece fumbled the refugee cri-sis”, 9 March. Retrieved March 11, 2018 (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/09/how-greece-fumbled-refugee-crisis).

Haiven M., A. Khasnabish (2014), The Radical Imagination: Social Movement Research in the Age of Austerity, London: Zed Books.

Heck G., Hess S. (2017) “Tracing the Effects of the EU-Turkey Deal. The Momentum of the Multi-Layered Turkish Border Regime”, Movements. Journal for Critical Migration and Border Regime Studies, 3(2). Retrieved October 28, 2019 (https://movements-journal.org/issues/05.turkey/04.heck,hess--tracing-the-effects-of-the-eu-turkey-deal.html).

Hellenic Statistical Authority (2013). Retrieved February 11, 2018 (http://www.statistics.gr/el/statistics/-/publication/SJO02/2013-M12).

Hellenic Statistical Authority (2016a), Press release, June 23. Retrieved February 11, 2018(http://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/300673/calendar_gr_2016.pdf/68ce517f-aa6b-44a3-b0fb-515db3febaf7).

Hellenic Statistical Authority (2016b). Retrieved February 11, 2018 (http://www.statistics.gr/el/statistics/-/publication/SJO02/2016-M12).

Hirschman A.O. (1970), Exit, Voice, and Loyalty, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard College.

Holloway J. (2011) [2010], Rogmes ston kapitalismo [Crack Capitalism], Athens: Savvalas.

Independent (The) (2017) “The Greek debt disaster isn’t just a financial issue, it is a hu-manitarian one”, February 26.

Jasper J.M. (1998), “The Emotions of Protest: Affective and Reactive Emotions in and around Social Movements”, Sociological Forum, 13(3): 397-424.

Kathimerini (I) (2016), “To psychiko travma eglovismenon prosfigon”, December 19.

Lehner R. (2019) “The EU-Turkey ‘deal’: Legal challenges and pitfalls”, International Mi-gration, 57(2): 176-185, doi.org/10.1111/imig.12462.

Löwy M. (1988), Rédemption et Utopie, Paris: PUF.

Matsaganis M., C. Leventi (2014), “Poverty and Inequality during the Great Recession in Greece”, Political Studies Review, 12(2): 209-223, doi.org/10.1111/1478-9302.12050.

Miné M. (2015), “En Grèce, les institutions européennes violent les traités internationaux et le Traité de Lisbonne”, Association

Européenne pour la Défense des Droits de l’Homme, May 19. Retrieved February 21, 2018 (http://www.aedh.eu/en-grece-les-institutions-europeennes-violent-les-traites-internationaux-et-le-traite-de-lisbonne-article-de-michel-mine).

News.gr (2016), “Se exelixi sillalitirio sto Syntagma kata tou asfalistikou”, May 8.

New York Times (The) (2019), “Greece, 10 Years Into Economic Crisis,

Counts the Cost to Mental Health”, February 3. Retrieved February 11, 2019 (https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/03/world/europe/greece-economy-mental-health.html).

Nivard C. (2012), “Violation de la Charte sociale européenne par les mesures ‘anti-crise’ grecques”, Lettre “Actualités Droits-Libertés” du CREDOF, November 15.

Nivard C. (2013), “Seconde condamnation des mesures d’austérité grecques par le Comi-té européen des droits sociaux”, Lettre “Actualités Droits-Libertés” du CREDOF, May 11.

Oberschall A. (1973), Social Conflict and Social Movements, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Oikonomakis L. (2018), “Solidarity in Transition: The Case of Greece”, in D. Della Porta (ed.) Solidarity Mobilizations in the ‘Refugee Crisis’. Contentious Moves, Cham: Pal-grave Macmillan, pp. 65-98.

Olson M. (1965), The Logic of Collective Action, Cambridge Mass.: Harvard College.

Partecipazione e Conflitto (2012), 5(3) (thematic issue).

Passy F. (2001), “Political Altruism and the Solidarity Movement”, in F.

Passy, M. Giugni (eds.), Political Altruism? Solidarity Movements in International Perspective, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, pp. 3-25.

Passy F., M. Giugni (eds. 2001), Political Altruism? Solidarity Movements in International Perspective, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Pérez M.S., E. Williams (2014), “Black Feminist Activism: Theory as Generating Collective Resistance”, Multicultural Perspectives, 16(3): 125-132, doi.org/10.1080/15210960.2014.922883.

Revue française de science politique (2001), Devenir militants, 51(1-2).

Rosenberger S., J. Winkler (2014), “Com/passionate protests: Fighting the deportation of asylum seekers”, Mobilization: An International Quarterly, 19(2): 165-184.

Sinatti G. (2019), “Humanitarianism as Politics: Civil Support Initiatives for Migrants in Mi-lan’s Hub”, Social Inclusion, 7(2): 139–148.

Skleparis D., I. Armakolas (2016), “The refugee crisis and the role of NGOs, civil society, and media in Greece”, in S.N., Balkan Human Corridor, New York: Columbia University, pp. 171-184.

S.N. (2017), “To diethnistiko comvoi allilegiis sta Exarcheia”, March 29. Retrieved Febru-ary 27, 2018 (https://lefterianews.wordpress.com/2017/03/29).

Sotiropoulos D., D. Bourikos (2014), “Economic Crisis, Social Solidarity and the Voluntary Sector in Greece”, Journal of Power, Politics & Governance, 2(2): 33-53.

Tilly C. (1984), “Les origines du répertoire d’action collective contemporaine en France et en Grande-Bretagne”, Vingtième siècle, 4(1): 89-108.

Tsoukala A. (2015), “I elliniki diachirisi tis prosfygikis krisis: ena ‘diarkes dia paralipseos teloumeno eglima’”, The Press Project, November 14. Retrieved March 13, 2019 (http://www.thepressproject.gr/article/84415).

UNHCR (2016), Mediterranean Situation. Retrieved February 22, 2018 (http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean?id=83).

UNHCR (2017), Press release, March 27. Retrieved February 22, 2018 (http://www.unhcr.gr/nea/deltia-typoy/artikel/3fa11e8418fb2ad25f7147c0f30d525c/ya-ischyroteri-syne.html).

Union of Hellenic Coast Guard Officers (2016), Press release, March 29. Retrieved Febru-ary 27, 2018 (http://www.limenikanea.gr/2016/03/1277-3-2016-2015.html).

Velasquez A., R. LaRose (2015), “Youth collective activism through social media: The Role of Collective Efficacy”, New Media & Society, 17(6): 899-918, doi.org/10.1177/1461444813518391.

Vice (2016), “The Anarchist Squatters Housing Manchester’s Most Vulnerable Homeless People”, December 21.

Vice (2017), “Greece’s Anarchists Are Taking Better Care of Refugees than the Govern-ment”, March 9.


Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.