Sowing Resilience and Contestation in Times of Crises: The Case of Urban Gardening Movements in Barcelona


Abstract


Urban gardens have been observed to multiply in response to crises. However, the meaning and motivations behind the emergence of gardening movements varies greatly over space and time. In this paper we argue that bottom up urban gardening initiatives taking place in Southern European countries in form of land occupation and communalization represent forms of resistance that enhance social cohesion and collective action in times of need. Specifically, this research examines the role of urban gardens in (i) building community resilience and (ii) articulating forms of resistance and contestation to development pressure and commodified urban lifestyles. Our research is based on data collected among 27 urban gardening initiatives in Barcelona, Spain, including 13 self-governed community gardens and 14 public gardens. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with gardeners and with staff from the Barcelona City Council. Our results show mechanisms through which urban gardens can contribute to build resilience by nurturing social and ecological diversity, generating and transmitting local ecological knowledge, and by creating opportunities for collective action and self-organization. We further examine collectively managed gardens as urban commons that emerge as a form of resistance to the privatization of public urban space, and that offer opportunities to experiment with new models of urban lifestyles. We show how gardening initiatives can be seen to represent an emerging form of urban green commons that provides a suitable ground to ‘sow’ resilience and contestation in times of crises and socio-ecological deterioration.

DOI Code: 10.1285/i20356609v8i2p417

Keywords: economic crisis; social-ecological systems; social movements; urban gardens; urban green commons; Spain

References


Ajuntament de Barcelona (2014), Espais verds. Revised sept 10, 2014,(http://w110.bcn.cat/portal/site/MediAmbient/menuitem.37ea1e76b6660e13e9c5e9c5a2ef8a0c/?vgnextoid=f7bd7037aed1a210VgnVCM10000074fea8c0RCRD&vgnextchannel=f7bd7037aed1a210VgnVCM10000074fea8c0RCRD&lang=ca_ES).

Altieri M. A., N. Companioni, K. Cañizares, C. Murphy, P. Rosset, M. Bourque, and C.I. Nicholls (1999), “The Greening of the “Barrios”: Urban Agriculture for Food Security in Cuba”, Agriculture and Human Values, 16: 131–140,

doi: 10.1023/A:1007545304561

Andersson E., S. Barthel, and K. Ahrné (2007), “Measuring Social-Ecological Dynamics Behind the Generation of Ecosystem Services”, Ecological Applications: A Publication of the Ecological Society of America, 17(5): 1267–78, doi: 10.1890/06-1116.1

Anguelovski I. (2013), “Beyond a Livable and Green Neighborhood: Asserting Control, Sovereignty and Transgression in the Casc Antic of Barcelona”, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(3): 1012-1034, doi: 10.1111/1468-2427.12054

Barthel S., C. Folke, and J. Colding (2010), “Social–Ecological Memory in Urban Gardens—Retaining the Capacity for Management of Ecosystem Services”, Global Environmental Change, 20(2): 255–265, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.01.001

Barthel S., J. Parker, and H. Ernstson (2013), “Food and Green Space in Cities: A Resilience Lens on Gardens and Urban Environmental Movements”, Urban Studies. doi:10.1177/0042098012472744

Berkes F., J. Colding, and C. Folke (2000), “Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Adapative Management”, Ecological Applications, 10: 1251–1262, doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010[1251:ROTEKA]2.0.CO;2

Borowy I. (2013), “Degrowth and Public Health in Cuba: Lessons From the Past? ” Journal of Cleaner Production, 38: 17–26, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.11.057

Buchmann C. (2009), “Cuban Home Gardens and Their Role in Social–Ecological Resilience”, Human Ecology, 37(6): 705–721, doi:10.1007/s10745-009-9283-9

Cairns J. (1999), “Exemptionalism vs Environmentalism: the Crucial Debate on the Value of Ecosystem Health”, Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 2(3): 331–338, doi:10.1080/14634989908656969

Camps-Calvet M., J. Langemeyer, L. Calvet-Mir, and E. Gómez-Baggethun (2014), “Ecosystem Services of Urban Gardens. A Case Study from Barcelona”, Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals (ICTA), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. MSc Thesis.

Can Masdeu (2014), Vall de Can Masdeu. Revised sept 22, 2014,

(http://www.canmasdeu.net/horts-comunitaris/).

Cattaneo C., and M. Gavaldà (2010), “The Experience of Rurban Squats in Collserola, Barcelona: What Kind of Degrowth?”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 18(6): 581–589, doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.01.010

Castells M. (1983), The city and the grassroots: a cross-cultural theory of urban social movements, Univ of California Press.

Charmaz K. (2006), Constructing Grounded Theory: A Practical Guide Through Qualitative Analysis, Sage.

Colding J., and S. Barthel (2013), “The Potential of “Urban Green Commons”in the Resilience Building of Cities”, Ecological Economics, 86: 156–166, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.10.016

Comuns Urbans a Barcelona (2014), Comuns Urbans a Barcelona. Pràctiques de defensa, cura, reapropiació i gestió comunitàries. Revised oct 1, 2014, (http://bcncomuns.net/cpt/placa-de-la-farigola-vallcarca-2/).

D’Alisa G. (2011), “Bienes Comunes: las Estructuras que Conectan”, Ecología Política, 30–41.

De Angelis M. (2005), “The New Commons in Practice: Strategy, Process and Alternatives”, Development, 48(2): 48-52,

doi: 10.1057//palgrave.development.1100141

Eurostat (2014), European Comission. Revised sept 2, 2014,

(http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/statistics_explained/index.php/Government_expenditure_on_education_-_2012_results)

Folke C., J. Colding, and F. Berkes (2003), “Synthesis: Building Resilience and Adaptive Capacity in Social-Ecological Systems.” In: Berkes F., J. Colding, and C. Folke (Eds.). Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change, Cambridge University Press.

Folke C., L. Pritchard, F. Berkes, J. Colding, and U. Svedin (2007), “The Problem of Fit Between Ecosystems and Institutions: Ten Years Later”, Ecology and society, 12(1): 30

Fontana J. (2011), Por el Bien del Imperio: una Historia del Mundo desde 1945, Pasado y Presente.

Gómez-Baggethun E., V. Reyes-García, P. Olsson, and C. Montes (2012), “Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Community Resilience to Environmental Extremes: A Case Study in Doñana, SW Spain”, Global Environmental Change, 22(3): 640–650, doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.02.005

Harvey D. (2011), The Enigma of Capital: and the Crises of Capitalism. Profile Books.

Harvey D. (2013), Ciudades rebeldes: Del Derecho de la Ciudad a la Revolución Urbana. Ediciones AKAL.

Hessel S. (2011), ¡Indignaos! Barcelona: Destino.

Huertas J. M. and G. Huertas (2004), La Barcelona Desapareguda. Angle.

INE (2014a), Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Revised sept 2, 2014, (http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=4086).

INE (2014b), Instituto Nacional de Estadística. Revised sept 2, 2014, (http://www.ine.es/jaxiT3/Datos.htm?t=6184).

Naredo J. M. (2009), “La Cara Oculta de la Crisis. El Fin del Boom Inmobiliario y sus Consecuencias”, Revista de Economía Crítica, nº7: 118-133.

Norris F., P. Stevens, B. Pfefferbaum, K. Wyche, and R. Pfefferbaum (2008), “Community Resilience as a Metaphor, Theory, Set of Capacities, and Strategy for Disaster Readiness”, American Journal of Community Psychology, 41: 127–50, doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9156-6

Okvat H. A., and A. J. Zautra (2011), “Community Gardening: a Parsimonious Path to Individual, Community, and Environmental Resilience”, American Journal of Community Psychology, 47(3-4): 374–87, doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9404-z

Pudup M. B. (2008), “It Takes a Garden: Cultivating Citizen-Subjects in Organized Garden Projects”, Geoforum, 39(3): 1228–1240, doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.06.012

Roca E. (2000), Montjuïc, la Muntanya de la Ciutat, Barcelona: Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Secció de Ciències i Tecnologia.

Shava S., M. E. Krasny, K. G. Tidball, and C. Zazu (2010), “Agricultural Knowledge in Urban and Resettled Communities: Applications to Social–Ecological Resilience and Environmental Education”, Environmental Education Research, 16(5-6): 575–89, doi:10.1080/13504622.2010.505436

Staeheli L. A., D. Mitchell, and K. Gibson (2002), “Conflicting Rights to the City in New York's Community Gardens”, GeoJournal, 58 (2-3): 197-205, doi: 10.1023/B:GEJO.0000010839.59734.01

Tidball K. G., and M. E. Krasny (2007), “From Risk to Resilience: What Role for Community Greening and Civic Ecology in Cities”. In: Wals A. E. (Ed.). Social learning towards a sustainable world: Principles, perspectives, and praxis. Wageningen Academic Pub.

Tidball K. G., and R. Stedman (2013), “Positive Dependency and Virtuous Cycles: From Resource Dependence to Resilience in Urban Social-Ecological Systems”, Ecological Economics, 86: 292–299, doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.10.004

Tracey D. (2013), Guerrilla gardening: a manualfesto. New Society Publishers.


Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.
کاغذ a4

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.