Journalism Models in Western Democracies and the International Arena: The Case of the 2016 Failed Coup Attempt in Turkey


Abstract


This paper explores the complex relationship between media and political systems in the context of the International News Flow, regarding the interdisciplinary research area between media study and International Relations. The focus is on International News Flow interactions and effects upon democratic political systems. The aim is to fill the gap concerning international relations in comparative media analysis literature. Despite using Hallin and Mancini's framework (2004, 2012), the present research does not only apply their typology to test its validity, but it also applies the main International Relations theoretical frameworks that deepen the relationship between media and political systems to shed light on the degree of superimposition between structure-based and content-based frameworks of media systems. The case study is the 2016 failed military coup in Turkey. In particular, in terms of coverage and analysis, the study considers how the newspapers of four countries (Italy, France, Germany and England), which represent the three democracy models of Hallini and Mancini – Mediterranean, Liberal, Corporative plus one that cuts across different models – framed the failed coup attempt in the days following the beginning of the crisis.

DOI Code: 10.1285/i20356609v13i3p1559

Keywords: International news flow; framing; Western democracies models; failed coup in Turkey; International arena

References


K, E., van Dalen, A., Jebril N., de Vreese, C. H. (2016): Political journalism in comparative perspective, New York: Cambridge University Press.

Allern, S. and Blach-Ørsten, M. (2011): The news media as a political institution: A Scandinavian perspective, Journalism Studies, 12(1), 92–105.

Anderson, E. (2010): Social Media Marketing: Game Theory and the Emergence of Collaboration, New York: Springer.

Barnett, Michael & Raymond Duvall (2005): ‘Power in global governance’, in Barnett & Duvall (eds), Power in Global Governance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bennett, W. L., Lawrence, R. G. and Livingston, S. (2006): None dare call it torture: Indexing and the limits of press independence in the Abu Ghraib scandal, Journal of Communication, Vol. 56, No. 3, pp. 467–85.

Benson, R. (2010): What makes for a critical press? A case study of French and U.S. immigration news coverage, International Journal of Press/Politics 15(1): 3–24.

Berinsky, A. J. and Kinder, D. R. (2006): Making sense of issues through media frames: Understanding the Kosovo crisis, Journal of Politics, 68, 640–656.

Blumler, J. G. and Gurevitch, M. (1995): The crisis of Public communication, London – New York: Routledge.

Brants, K. and Voltmer, K. (2011): Mediatization and De-centralization of Political Communication, in Brants, K. and Voltmer, K. (eds), Political Communication in Postmodern Democracy Challenging the Primacy of Politics, New York: Palgrave.

Brommesson, D. and Ekengren, A. M. (2017): The Mediatization of Foreign Policy, Political Decision-Making And Humanitarian Intervention, New York: Palgrave.

Brüggemann, M., Engesser, S., Büchel, F., Humprecht, E., and Castro, L. (2014): Hallin and Mancini revisited: Four empirical types of Western media systems, Journal of Communication, 64(6), 1037–1065.

Bryant, J. and Miron, D. (2004): Theory and Research in Mass Communication, Journal of Communication, 54(4): 662-704.

Castells, Manuel (1996): The Information Age, Volume I. The Rise of the Network Society, Oxford: Blackwell.

Chadwick, A. (2013). The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Chong, D. and Druckman, J. N. (2007): Framing theory, Annual Review of Political Science, 10, 103–126.

Coban, F. (2016): The Role of the Media in International Relations: From the CNN Effect to the Al–Jazeera Effect, Journal of

International Relations and Foreign Policy, December 2016, Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 45-61.

Entman, R. M., Livingston S. and Kim, J. (2009): Doomed to Repeat: Iraq News, 2002-2007, American Behavioral Scientist, 52: 689.

Entman, R. M. (2000): Declarations of Independence: The growth of media power after the Cold War, in: Nacos, B. L., Shapiro, R. Y. and Isernia, P. (Eds.), Decisionmaking in a Glass House: Mass Media, Public Opinion, and American and European Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, pp.11–26. London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Entman, R. M. (1993): Framing: Towards a clarification of Fractured Paradigm, Journal of Communication (43), 1993, 51 -58.

Entman, Robert M. (2004): Projections of Power, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Esser, F. and Umbricht, A. (2013): Competing models of journalism? Political affairs coverage in US, British, German, Swiss, French and Italian newspapers, Journalism, 14(8) 989– 1007.

Figenschou, T. U. (2013): Al Jazeera and the Global Media Landscape. The South Is Talking Back, Routledge.

Fisher Onar, N. (2016): The populism/realism gap: Managing uncertainty in Turkey’s politics and foreign policy, Washington DC: Turkey Project Policy Series, Brookins Institutions.

Fracchiolla, D. (2012): La democrazia in Turchia tra occidente europeo ed oriente mussulmano, Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino.

Fracchiolla, D. (2017): Cose Turche. Una geopolitica funzionale al potere interno. Formiche, N° 126, XIII, 06/2017.

Gilboa, Eytan (2005): ‘Global television news and foreign policy: Debating the CNN effect’, International Studies Perspectives, 325-341.

George, A. L. and Bennett, A. (2005): Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences, Cambridge: MIT Press.

Glazier, R. A. and Boydstun, A. E. (2012): The President, the Press, and the War: A Tale of Two Framing Agendas, Political Communication, 29:4, 428-446.

Gilboa, E. Jumbert, M. G. Miklian, J. Robinson, P. (2016): Moving media and conflict studies beyond the CNN effect, Review of International Studies, Vol. 42, part. 4, pp. 654 – 672.

Hallin, D. C. e Mancini, P. (2004): Comparing Media System, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hallin, D. C. and Mancini, P. (2016): Ten Years After Comparing Media Systems: What Have We Learned?, Political Communication, 29:4, 428-446.

Herman, Edward S. & Noam Chomsky (2002 [1988]): Manufacturing Consent. The Political Economy of the Mass Media, New York: Pantheon Books.

Humphreys, P. (2011): A political scientist’s contribution to the comparative study of media systems in Europe: A response to Hallin and Mancini, in: Just, N. and Puppis, M. (eds), Trends in Communication Policy Research. New Theories, New Methods, New Subjects, Bristol: Intellect, 141–158.

Herman, E. S. (1997): The Media Role in US Foreign Policy, Journal of International Affairs, vol. 47, Summer 1993, n.1, p. 25.

Kim, K., & Barnett, G. A. (1996), The determinants of international news flow a network analysis, Communication Research, 23(3), 323-352.

Langauer, G. e al. (2012): Negativity in political news: A review of concepts, operationalizations and key findings, Journalism,13(2) 179 –202.

Livingston, S. (1997): Clarifying the CNN Effect: An Exmination of Media Effects According to Type of Military Intervention, Cambridge: Harvard Univerisity.

Mancini, P. (2000): How to Combine Media Commercialization and Party Affiliation: The Italian Experience, Political Communication 17(4): 319-324.

Mancini, P. (2007): Political Professionalism in Italy, in Holtz-Bacha et al. (edited by), The Professionalization of Political Communication, Bristol: Intellect Books.

McNair, B. (2011): An Introduction to Political Communication, London: Routledge.

Muller, L. (2014): Comparing Mass Media in Established Democracies Patterns of Media Performance, London: Palgrave.

Nielsen, R. K. (2013): The absence of structural Americanization, International Journal of Press/ Politics, 18(4), 392–412.

Nitoiu, C. (2015): The EU foreign policy analysis, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Nye, J. (2004): Soft Power: the means to success in the world, New York: Public Affairs.

Nye, J. (2011): The Future of Power, New York: Public Affairs.

Polumbaum, J. (2010): Looking back, looking forward: the ecumenical imperative in Chinese mass communication scholarship, International Journal of Communication, 4, 567-572.

Reese, S. (2001): The Framing Project: A Bridging Model for Media Research Revisited, Journal of Communication 57(1): 148-154.

Roessler, P. (2012): Comparative content analysis, in Esser F and Hanitzsch T (eds), Handbook of Comparative Communication Research, London: Routledge, pp. 459–468.

Rolland, A. (2009): A clash of media systems? British Mecom’s takeover of Norwegian Orkla Media, International Communication Gazette, 71(4), 263–281.

Siebert, F.S., Peterson, T. and Schramm, W., (1956): Four Theories of the Press. The Authoritarian, Libertarian, Social Responsibility and Soviet Communist Theories of What the Press Should Be and Do, Chicago – London: University of Illinois Press.

Strömbäck, J. and Dimitrova, D.V. (2006): Political and media systems matter: A comparison of election news coverage in Sweden and the U.S, Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 11(4): 131–147.

Strömbäck, J. and Luengo O. G. (2008): Polarized pluralist and democratic corporatist models. A comparison of election news coverage in Spain and Sweden, International Communication, Gazette 70(6), 547–562.

Strömbäck, J and Nord, L. (2008): Media and Politics in Sweden, in Strömbäck et al. (edited by), Communicating Politics Political Communication in the Nordic Countries, Nordicom, 103-121.

Schudson, M. (2001): The objectivity norm in American journalism, Journalism 2(2): 149–170.

Salgado, S. (2019): Not All about Trends: Persistent Singularities in Election News Coverage, in Salgado, S. (2019) (Ed), Mediated Campaigns and Populism in Europe, London: Palgrave.

Shaw, Martin (2000): ‘Media and Public Sphere without Borders? News Coverage and Power form Kurdistan to Kosovo’, in Birgitte Nacos & Robert Y. Shapiro (eds), Decisionmaking in a Glass House: Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy in the 21st Century, Oxford: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Taylor, P. M. (1997): Global Communications, International Affairs and the Media Since 1945, London: Routledge.

Umbricht, A. and Esser, F. (2016): The push to popularize politics: Understanding the audience-friendly packaging of political news in six media systems since the 1960s, Journalism Studies, 17(1): 100–121.

Volkmer, I. (1999): News in the global sphere: A study on CNN and its impact on global communication, Luton: University of Luton Press.

Wolfsfeld, G. (2004): Media and the path to peace, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.


Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.
کاغذ a4

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.