Nominalization as an enhancer of linguistic implicitness in political discourse


Abstract


This paper explores the role played by nominalization in enhancing the persuasive potential of texts by allowing a larger and more effective use of linguistic implicit strategies. The analysis starts from the premise that linguistic implicitness has been proven to be helpful in persuading addressees. The taxonomy of linguistic implicitness proposed in Lombardi Vallauri (2019), based on the distinction between implicitation of contents and implicitation of responsibility, is adopted. Data are extracted from the ANONYMIZED corpus of Italian political discourse.

The analysis shows that nominalized forms, quite frequent in political discourse, ease the presence of three different implicit strategies: nominalization, obtained through the packaging of the nominalized forms as definite descriptions; vagueness, obtained through the omission of one of the participants in the action, typically the agent; topicalization, obtained through syntactic and prosodic means. All in all, nominalized forms seem to be able to increase the manipulative power of texts.


DOI Code: 10.1285/i22390359v56p69

Keywords: Pragmatics; Linguistic implicitness; Political Discourse; Nominalization

References


Bertuccelli Papi, Marcella, 2009. Implicitness. In Verschueren, Jef and Östman, Jan-Ola (eds.) Handbook of Pragmatics Highlights vol. I: Key Notions in Pragmatics, Amsterdam, John Benjamins, pp. 139−162.

Cavalcante, Frederico A. 2015. The topic unit in spontaneous American English: A corpus-based study. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais.

Chafe, Wallace L. 1987. Properties of spoken and written language, Berkeley, Center for the Study of Writing edition.

Charaudeau, P. (2005) Le discours politique. Les masques du pouvoir. Vuibert.

Chilton, P. (2005). Manipulation, Memes and Metaphors: The Case of Mein Kampf’. In: L. de Saussure (ed.), Manipulation. John Benjamins.

Christiansen, Morten & Chater, Nick, 2016, Creating language: Integrating evolution, acquisition, and processing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Cominetti, Federica & Giunta, Giulia (in press). Change of state and factive nominals and nominalizations as presupposition triggers. Italian Journal of Linguistics 34.1, pp. 59-102.

Cominetti, Federica & Piunno, Valentina 2016. Patterns of nominal infinitives. A comparative analysis of Italian and Spanish. Faits de Langues 48, pp. 227-246.

Cominetti, Federica, Panunzi, Alessandro, Gregori, Lorenzo, Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo (in press). ANONYMIZED: un corpus di discorsi politici italiani annotato per gli impliciti linguistici. In Atti del LIV Congresso della SLI. Milano, Officina 21.

Cresti, Emanuela & Moneglia, Massimo 2018. The definition of the topic within language into act theory and its identification in spontaneous speech corpora. Revue romaine 53: 1, pp. 30-62.

Dahl, Östen 1974. Topic-comment structure revisited. In Dahl, Östen (ed.), Topic and Comment, Contextual Boundness and Focus. Hamburg: Buske. 1-24.

Danler, P. 2005. Morpho-syntactic and textual realizations as deliberate pragmatic argumentative linguistic tools. In L. de Saussure & P.J. Schulz (Eds.), Manipulation and ideologies in the twentieth century (pp. 45-60). John Benjamins.

De Mauro, Tullio, 1982. Minisemantica dei linguaggi non verbali e delle lingue, Laterza, Roma-Bari.

Du Bois, John W. 1980. Beyond definiteness: the trace of identity in discourse. In Chafe, William, The pear stories. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.

Dynel, Marta & Cap, Piotr, 2017. Implicitness: Familiar terra incognita in pragmatics. In Cap, Piotr & Dynel, Marta (eds.) Implicitness. From lexis to discourse. Amsterdam, John Benjamins, pp. 1-12.

Ferreira, Fernanda, Karl G.D. Bailey, Vittoria Ferraro, 2002. Good-Enough Representations in Language Comprehension. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11 : 1, pp. 11-15.

Fillmore, Charles J. 1971. Verbs of judging: An exercise in semantic description. In Fillmore, Charles J. & Langendoen, D. Terence (eds.), Studies in linguistic semantics. New York: Holt-Rinehart & Winston. 272-289.

Frascarelli, Mara & Hinterhölzl, Roland, 2007. Types of topics in German and Italian. In On Information Structure, Meaning and Form (Series: Werner Abraham) (pp. 87-116). Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Frege, Gottlob 1892. Über Sinn und Bedeutung. Zeitschrift für Philosophie und philosophische Kritik 100. 25-50.

Gaeta, Livio 2002. Quando i verbi compaiono come nomi. Milano: Franco Angeli

Gigerenzer, Gerd. 2008, Why Heuristics Work. Perspectives on Psychological Science.

Givón, Talmy 1979. On understanding grammar. New York: Academic Press.

Givón, Talmy 1982. Evidentiality and Epistemic Space. Studies in Language 6(1). 23-49.

Givón, Talmy 1987. Beyond foreground and background. In Tomlin, Russell S. (ed.), Coherence and Grounding in Discourse. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: Benjamins. 175-188.

Grice, Herbert P. 1975. Logic and Conversation, in Peter Cole e J. Morgan (eds.), Syntax and semantics, vol. 3: Speech acts, New York: Academic Press, 1975, pp. 41-58.

Gross, Gaston & Kiefer, Ferenc 1995. La structure évènementielle des substantifs. Folia Linguistica 29. 29-43.

Halliday, M.A.K. 1988. On the language of physical science. In M. Ghadessy (Ed.), Registers of written English, situational factors and linguistic features, Pinter, London, pp. 162-178.

Hockett, Charles F. 1957. A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: The MacMillan Company.

Hopper, Paul & Thompson, Sandra A. 1985. The iconicity of the universal categories ‘noun’ and ‘verbs’. In Haiman, John (ed.), Iconicity in Syntax [Typological Studies in Language 6]. Amsterdam / Philadelphia: Benjamins. 151-186.

Hopper, Paul & Thompson, Sandra A. 1984. The discourse basis for lexical categories in universal grammar. Language 60. 703-752.

Karttunen, Lauri 1971. Some observations on factivity. Paper in Linguistics 4. 55-69.

Karttunen, Lauri 1973. Presupposition of compound sentences. Linguistic Inquiry 4. 169-193.

Kiparsky, Carol & Kiparsky, Paul 1971. Fact. In Steinberg, Danny D. & Jakobovits, Leon A. (eds.), Semantics: An interdisciplinary reader. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 345-369.

Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria 1993. Nominalizations. London / New York: Routledge. Levinson, Stephen C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Levinson, S. C. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Loftus, Elizabeth F. 1975. Leading Questions and the Eyewitness Report. Cognitive Psychology 7. 550-572.

Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo 2000. Grammatica funzionale delle avverbiali italiane. Roma: Carocci.

Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo 2009. La struttura informativa: Forma e funzione negli enunciati linguistici. Roma: Carocci.

Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo 2016a. Implicits as Evolved Persuaders. In Allan, Keith; A. Capone, Alessandro & Kecskes, Istvan (eds.), Pragmemes and Theories. Cham: Springer. 725-748.

Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo 2016b. The “exaptation” of linguistic implicit strategies. SpringerPlus.

Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo 2019. La Lingua Disonesta. Bologna: Il Mulino.

Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo & Masia, Viviana, 2014. Implicitness impact: Measuring texts. Journal of Pragmatics 61 (2014) 161-184.

Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo & Masia, Viviana, 2018. Context and Information Structure constraints on factivity: The case of know. Language Sciences 66. 103-115.

Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo & Masia, Viviana, 2020. La comunicazione implicita come dimensione di variazione tra tipi testuali. In M.M.&.L.C. Jacqueline Visconti (a cura di), Linguaggi settoriali e specialistici. Sincronia, diacronia, traduzione, variazione (pp. 113-120). Franco Cesati.

Lyons, John 1977. Semantics. Vol. II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Macagno, Fabrizio 2015. Presupposition as Argumentative Reasoning. In Capone, Alessandro & Mey, Jacob L. (eds.), Interdisciplinary Studies in Pragmatic, Culture and Society. Heidelberg / New York / Dordrecht / London: Springer. 465-487.

Machetti, Sabrina 2006. Uscire dal vago. Roma-Bari: Laterza.

Piciucco, Emanuela; Masia, Viviana; Maiorana, Emanuele; Lombardi Vallauri, Edoardo & Campisi, Patrizio 2021. Information Structure effects on the Processing of Nouns and Verbs: Evidence from Event-Related Brain Potentials. Language and Cognition. 1-24.

Reboul, Anne, 2011. A relevance-theoretic account of the evolution of implicit communication. Studies in Pragmatics, 13:1–19.

Reisigl, M. 2008. Rhetoric of political speeches. In Wodak, Koller, (eds.) Handbook of communication in the public sphere. De Gruyter.

Rocci, A. 2005. Are manipulative texts ‘coherent’?. In de Saussure, L. & Schulz P. J. (eds.), Manipulation and ideologies in the twentieth century: Discourse, language, mind, 17-85.

Ross, John R. 1972. The category squish: Endstation Hauptwort. In

Perantean, Paul M.; Levi, Judith N. & Phares, Gloria C. (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society. 316-338.

Ross, John R. 1973. Nouniness. In Fujimura, Osamu (ed.), Three Dimensions of Linguistic Research. Tokyo: TEC Company. 137-257.

Russell, Bertrand 1905. On denoting. Mind 14. 479-493.

Sanford, A. J. 2002. Context, attention and depth of processing during interpretation. Mind & Language, 17: 188–206.

Sasse, Hans-Jürgen 2001. Scales between nouniness and verbiness. In Haspelmath, Martin; Konig, Ekkehard; Oesterreicher, Wulf & Raible, Wolfgang (eds.), Language Typology and Language Universals. Berlin / New York: Walter de Gruyter. 495-509.

Sbisà, Marina 1999. Ideology and the persuasive use of presupposition. In Verschueren, Jeff (ed.), Language and Ideology: Selected papers from the 6th International Pragmatics Conference, International Pragmatics Association, Antwerp. 492-509.

Sbisà, Marina 2007. Detto non detto. Le forme della comunicazione implicita. Roma / Bari: Laterza.

Schwarz, Florian 2015. Presuppositions vs. Asserted Content in Online Processing. In Schwarz, Florian (ed.), Experimental Perspectives on Presupposition. Studies in Theoretical Psycholinguistics. Dordrecht: Springer. 89-108.

Schwarz, Florian, 2016. Experimental work in presupposition and presupposition projection. Annual review of linguistics, 2: 273-292.

Sellars, Wilfrid 1954. Presupposing. The Philosophical Review 63. 197-215.

Shibatani, Masayoshi 1991. Grammaticalization of Topic into Subject. In Traugott, Elizabeth & Heine, Bernd (eds.), Approaches to Grammaticalization. Amsterdam / Philapelphia: Benjamins.

Simone, Raffaele 2003. Masdar, ‘ismu al-marrati er la frontier verbe/nom. In Girón Alconchel, José L. (ed.), Estudios ofrecidos al profesor J. Busts de Tovar. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 901-918.

Simone, Raffaele 2006. Classi di costruzioni. In Grandi, Nicola & Iannaccaro, Gabriele (eds.), Zhì. Scritti in onore di Emanuele Banfi in occasione del suo 60° compleanno. Cesena / Roma: Caissa Italia. 383-409.

Simone, Raffaele & Pompei, Anna 2007. Traits verbaux dans les noms et les formes nominalisées du verbe. Faits de Langues 30. 43-58.

Strawson, Peter F. 1964. Identifying reference and truth-values. Theoria 30. 96-118.

Tversky, Amos & Kahneman, Daniel, 1974, Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157, pp. 1124-1131.

Van Dijk, T. A. 1992. Discourse and the denial of racism. Discourse & society, 3(1), 87-118.

Van Dijk, T. A. 1997. Discourse as social interaction (Vol. 2). Sage.

Van Dijk, T. A. 2000. New (s) racism: A discourse analytical approach. Ethnic minorities and the media, 37, 33-49.

Van Dijk, T. A. 2011. Discourse and ideology. In van Dijk T. A. (ed), Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction, 379-407.

Ventola, Eija 1996. Packing and Unpacking of Information in Academic Texts. In Ventola, Eija and Mauranen, Anna (eds.) Academic Writing: Intercultural and textual issues. Amsterdam, John Benjamins.


Full Text: PDF

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribuzione - Non commerciale - Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia License.